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Essay (The Essay is not Complete: would be provided complete on demand) The term "judicialization of political conflict" describes...
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Monday, 18 September 2023
Pakistan's present social and political climate
Pakistan continues to deal with numerous domestic and external sources of strife. A limited conception of Pakistan's national identity has encouraged extremism and intolerance of diversity and dissent, endangering the possibilities for social cohesiveness and stability in the nation. Because state institutions frequently fail to offer peaceful solutions to problems, some groups have turned to violence as a solution. Following the 2013 and 2018 elections, the nation saw peaceful political transitions. However, the nation continues to struggle with a shaky economy and widening domestic polarization as it gets ready for expected elections in 2023. The country's agriculture and health sectors have been put under strain, and the terrible flooding that swept through Pakistan in 2022 exposed the country's vulnerability to climate disasters as well as serious flaws in governance and economic stability.
Regional tensions between Pakistan and Taliban-ruled Afghanistan have increased due to a revival of terrorist groups along Pakistan's border with Afghanistan. Although the Line of Control in Kashmir was proclaimed to be in a state of truce in 2021, relations with India are still stale and susceptible to crises that endanger regional and global security. As a major state and close friend of Pakistan, China's presence and influence in the region has the power to both ease and worsen a number of internal and international issues.
The exchange of prisoners between Iran and the US suggests thawing relations.
In a high-stakes detainee exchange that signalled a partial warming in the icy relations between the long-time enemies, the US and Iran freed 10 people on Monday.
After a brief stopover in the Persian Bay nation of Qatar, five American citizens detained in Iran will proceed to the US. In exchange, the U.S. government released five Iranian inmates and allowed the transfer of $6 billion in frozen Iranian oil funds that were being held by South Korea.
The deal, which has been wrangled for a while, is a huge step forward for the former adversaries who have been at odds over a number of problems, including Tehran's rapid expansion of its nuclear programme, its ongoing military assistance to Russia, and Iran's brutal crackdown on internal dissent.
"We have gotten affirmation that the five liberated Americans ... are wheels up in Tehran and on the way to Doha," the Qatari capital, said a senior Biden organization official.
The detainees' delivery comes as a significant help to their families and allies, large numbers of whom have hung tight quite a while for their return. It has likewise gone under brutal analysis from conservatives in Congress went against to any arrangement that includes the thawing of Iranian assets. However under the arrangement the cash might be utilized exclusively for the acquisition of helpful merchandise, conservatives contend that the organization ought to have arranged an arrangement with terms better to the US.
In the midst of the detainee bargain talks, the US and Iran likewise have been examining a potential casual game plan that would try to put a few limits on Iran's atomic program. U.S. authorities have demanded, nonetheless, that those talks are irrelevant to the detainee trade exchanges.
The U.S. detainees liberated by Iran incorporate Siamak Namazi, an Iranian American who had been in a correctional facility in Tehran for almost eight years, the longest span the Islamic republic has imprisoned any American. Others incorporate Morad Tahbaz, an Iranian American who likewise holds English citizenship, and Emad Shargi, an American Iranian double resident. Each was let out of Iran's famous Evin Jail and put detained at home last month, an underlying move toward the arrangement.
Two other American prisoners associated with the trade have not been openly recognized in line with their families.
"This is an earth shattering day for the Namazi family who have not been together — every one of them four — since mid 2015," Jared Genser, the Namazi family's legal counselor, said in a meeting. "We, in all honesty, never realized this day was really going to show up. The family has experienced an uncommon injury through this extremely, long and excruciating cycle. There are many difficulties that lie ahead."
According to U.S. government officials who spoke under the condition of anonymity to discuss the delicate agreement, the intricate pact required a carefully orchestrated procedure by both Tehran and Washington.
The United States released five Iranians as they departed Iranian airspace. They have not been publicly identified by U.S. authorities, who have described them as low-level, nonviolent criminals who don't threaten American national security.
Nasser Kanaani, a spokesperson for Iran's foreign ministry, said earlier on Monday that the agreement was moving along according to schedule.
According to Iranian state media, Kanaani told reporters, "two of the Iranian citizens released in America will return to [Iran], another person will travel to another country due to the presence of their family, and the other two people will remain in the United States."
A network of government and commercial banks is completing the transfer of funds to accounts that Iran will have access to under American supervision while this is going on.
Due to a waiver that the Trump administration provided in 2018 that allows South Korea, one of Iran's top oil clients, to hold the $6 billion, These money were converted from Korean won to euros during the past week in order to transfer them to Qatari accounts that can only be used for the purchase of non-sanctioned items like food and medicine. According to U.S. officials, they will keep an eye on the funds to make sure they aren't being used for bad things.
Only once the Treasury Department's Office of Foreign Assets Control produces a paperwork stating that the American detainees have arrived at their final destination, according to U.S. authorities, can Iran access the money.
The Biden administration's relationship with Tehran prior to the prisoner deal was characterised by a strong mistrust, partly due to the failure to resurrect a nuclear deal that Biden had sworn to.
According to officials with knowledge of the situation, the governments of Oman and Qatar were crucial in hosting the talks and helping to facilitate negotiations between the two sides on the release of the detainees. Iraq, the United Arab Emirates, and Switzerland all contributed.
The European allies of the United States, who largely support a revised agreement to restrict Tehran's nuclear programme, are hoping that advancements on the detainee issue will pave the door for more fruitful nuclear negotiations.
Following President Donald Trump's decision to withdraw the United States from the 2015 nuclear deal, Iran's nuclear programme has dramatically grown. In exchange for the lifting of sanctions, the Obama administration's negotiated agreement placed severe restrictions on Iran's programme.
A senior administration official responded, "We do not completely close the door to diplomacy, but we approach it with principled standards," when asked if the prisoner agreement may lead to fruitful discussions on the nuclear front.
"If we see the opportunity, we will explore it," the official declared.
Asadullah Sarmad
Tuesday, 4 April 2023
Judicialization Of Political Conflict Is A Threat To Institutional Harmony In Pakistan
Essay
(The Essay is not Complete: would be provided complete on demand)
The term "judicialization of political conflict" describes the growing involvement of the judiciary in resolving political disputes and conflicts between various factions and institutions of the state in Pakistan. This phenomenon has been evident in the country for several decades, particularly since the late 1990s, which saw a series of political crises culminating in the overthrow of civilian governments by the military. As the founder of Pakistan, Muhammad Ali Jinnah, emphasized the importance of a strong and independent judiciary in ensuring the stability and prosperity of the nation: "The independence of the judiciary is the sheet anchor of our liberties, and without it, our justice will be a mockery."
I. Introduction
A.
Explanation of the concept of judicialization of
political conflict
B.
Brief overview of the political landscape in Pakistan
C.
Thesis statement: The increasing role of the judiciary in resolving political
conflicts is a threat to institutional harmony in Pakistan.
II.
Historical context
A.
Pakistan's history of political instability and military rule
B.
Weak democratic institutions and non-institutional means of resolving political
conflicts
C.
Emergence of a powerful and independent judiciary
III.
Role of the judiciary
A.
Examples of judicial intervention in political matters
B.
Challenges faced by the judiciary in resolving political conflicts
C.
Impact of judicial decisions on institutional harmony
IV.
Weakness of political institutions
A.
Failure of political institutions to resolve conflicts on their own
B.
Overreliance on the judiciary to intervene in political matters
C.
Consequences of weak political institutions for institutional harmony
V.
Policing and law enforcement
A.
Partisanship and lack of public trust in law enforcement agencies
B.
Role of law enforcement agencies in exacerbating political conflicts
C.
Impact of law enforcement on institutional harmony
VI.
Political polarization
A.
Deep divisions and lack of compromise among political parties and institutions
B.
Overreliance on the judiciary to resolve disputes
C.
Impact of political polarization on institutional harmony
VII.
Conclusion
A.
Restate thesis
B.
Summary of main points
C.
Implications of judicialization of political conflict for institutional harmony
in Pakistan
I.
Introduction
Over the last few decades,
the judiciary's growing involvement in resolving political conflicts has become
a notable aspect of Pakistan's political environment. Termed as the
"judicialization of political conflict," this development can be
attributed to a history of political instability, feeble democratic
institutions, and the inability of political factions to resolve disagreements
through non-institutional methods. This has resulted in the judiciary emerging
as a potent and autonomous institution with the authority to hold other
branches of the government accountable. Nonetheless, this trend has raised
apprehensions regarding its impact on institutional harmony in Pakistan. Hence,
this essay posits that the judicialization of political conflict poses a danger
to institutional harmony in Pakistan.
a)
Explanation of the concept of
judicialization of political conflict
The concept of
judicialization of political conflict refers to the heightened involvement of
the judiciary in resolving political disputes and conflicts among different
factions and state institutions. This phenomenon entails the judiciary's
intervention in political matters that were once considered beyond its purview.
Such interventions include, but are not limited to, interpreting the
constitution, adjudicating the legitimacy of government actions, arbitrating
electoral disputes, and even hearing cases involving accusations of misconduct
and corruption against elected officials.
The judicialization of
political conflict can be traced back to the inability of other branches of
government to resolve disputes through non-institutional methods. Political
factions often find themselves at an impasse, unable to reach a negotiated settlement,
and thus resort to seeking the judiciary's intervention. Moreover, the weak
democratic institutions, political polarization, and a lack of trust in law
enforcement agencies have further bolstered the judiciary's increased role in
political matters.
While the judicialization
of political conflict may provide a means to resolve disputes, it raises some
pressing challenges and concerns. The growing dependence on the judiciary to
intervene in political affairs risks undermining the legitimacy of other branches
of government, including the executive and legislative branches. It may also
lead to the politicization of the judiciary, casting doubts on its
accountability and independence. Overall, the judicialization of political
conflict is a multifaceted and fluid phenomenon, which holds both favorable and
unfavorable implications for institutional harmony in Pakistan.
b)
Brief Overview of the political
landscape in Pakistan
Pakistan's political
landscape is marked by a complex and dynamic interplay of various forces and
factors. The country's political history has been characterized by periods of
military rule, political instability, and democratic transitions.
Pakistan's
political system is based on a federal parliamentary system, with the President
serving as the head of state, and the Prime Minister as the head of government.
The legislative branch consists of the National Assembly (lower house) and the
Senate (upper house).
The country has
a multi-party system, with major political parties including the Pakistan
Muslim League-Nawaz (PML-N), Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI), and the Pakistan
Peoples Party (PPP). However, political parties in Pakistan are often marked by
factionalism and infighting, which can lead to instability and fragmentation of
political power.
Pakistan has
also struggled with issues of corruption, sectarianism, terrorism, and
regionalism, which have further complicated the country's political landscape.
These challenges have often resulted in political tensions, violence, and a
lack of trust in government institutions.
Overall,
Pakistan's political landscape is marked by a complex interplay of various
social, economic, and political factors that continue to shape the country's
trajectory.
c)
Thesis Statement
There are several case
studies that illustrate how the increasing role of the judiciary in resolving
political conflicts is a threat to institutional harmony in Pakistan. Here are
a few examples:
Disqualification
of elected officials: In 2017, the Supreme Court of Pakistan disqualified then
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from holding public office due to corruption
charges. This decision was met with both support and criticism, but it
highlighted the power of the judiciary to remove elected officials from office.
Such decisions can create political instability and undermine the legitimacy of
the electoral process, as the judiciary can be seen as intervening in political
matters beyond its mandate.
Ongoing
political trials: The judiciary in Pakistan has been involved in a number of
high-profile political trials in recent years, such as the trial of former
President Pervez Musharraf for treason and the trial of former Prime Minister
Benazir Bhutto's alleged assassins. These trials can be seen as politically motivated,
and their outcomes have the potential to further polarize political factions
and undermine institutional harmony.
Interpretation
of the constitution: The judiciary in Pakistan has played a significant role in
interpreting the constitution and determining the scope of the powers of
different branches of government. However, these interpretations can be
contested and can lead to further political conflict. For example, in 2018, the
Supreme Court disqualified Pakistan Tehreek-e-Insaf (PTI) leader Jahangir
Tareen from holding public office for life, citing a provision in the
constitution that disqualifies individuals for not disclosing assets.
Political
polarization: The judicialization of political conflict can also exacerbate
political polarization in Pakistan. When political factions are unable to reach
a compromise through negotiation, they may seek the intervention of the
judiciary. However, this can further polarize political factions, as decisions
made by the judiciary can be seen as favoring one side over the other.
These case
studies demonstrate how the increasing role of the judiciary in resolving
political conflicts can pose a threat to institutional harmony in Pakistan.
While the judiciary can play a vital role in ensuring accountability and upholding
the rule of law, its intervention in political matters beyond its mandate can
create further political conflict and undermine the legitimacy of other
branches of government.
II.
Historical Context
To understand the increasing role of
the judiciary in resolving political conflicts in Pakistan and its impact on
institutional harmony, it is important to consider the historical context of
the country.
Pakistan gained
independence from British rule in 1947, but its political history has been
marked by a series of coups, military dictatorships, and political instability.
Since its independence, Pakistan has struggled to establish stable democratic
institutions, and its political landscape has been characterized by frequent
power struggles between the civilian government and the military.
The late 1990s
saw a particularly turbulent period in Pakistan's political history. In 1999,
General Pervez Musharraf seized power in a military coup, overthrowing the
democratically elected government of Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif. This marked
the fourth military coup in Pakistan's history, and it led to a period of
political turmoil and instability.
During this
period, the judiciary in Pakistan played a crucial role in challenging the
military regime and upholding democratic values. In 2007, Chief Justice
Iftikhar Muhammad Chaudhry was suspended by General Musharraf, leading to
widespread protests and a movement for the restoration of the judiciary. This
movement culminated in the restoration of Chief Justice Chaudhry and other
judges who had been removed by the military regime.
Since then, the
judiciary in Pakistan has emerged as a powerful and independent institution,
with the ability to hold other branches of government accountable. However, its
increasing role in resolving political conflicts has also raised concerns about
its impact on institutional harmony in the country.
In summary,
Pakistan's history of political instability and military rule has created a
context in which the judiciary has played an increasingly important role in
resolving political conflicts. While the judiciary has been seen as a defender
of democratic values and the rule of law, its intervention in political matters
beyond its mandate has also created challenges for institutional harmony in the
country.
////
…
a) Pakistan's history of
political instability and military rule
Pakistan has a
long history of political instability and military rule. After gaining
independence from British rule in 1947, the country struggled to establish
stable democratic institutions, and its political landscape has been
characterized by frequent power struggles between the civilian government and
the military.
The country's
first military coup took place in 1958, when General Ayub Khan overthrew the
democratically elected government of Prime Minister Feroz Khan Noon. Ayub Khan
established martial law and ruled the country for the next decade, until he was
forced to resign in 1969 after facing widespread protests.
In 1971, East
Pakistan (now Bangladesh) declared independence from West Pakistan, following a
bloody civil war. This led to a period of political turmoil and instability,
with various political parties vying for power.
In 1977, General
Zia-ul-Haq seized power in a military coup, overthrowing the democratically
elected government of Prime Minister Zulfikar Ali Bhutto. Zia-ul-Haq ruled the
country for the next 11 years, during which time he imposed martial law and
introduced a series of controversial Islamic laws.
In 1988,
Zia-ul-Haq died in a plane crash, and the military handed power back to a
civilian government. However, political instability and corruption continued to
plague the country, and in 1999, General Pervez Musharraf seized power in
another military coup, overthrowing the democratically elected government of
Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif.
Since then,
Pakistan has experienced a period of political turmoil and instability, with
the civilian government and the military vying for power. This has created a
context in which the judiciary has played an increasingly important role in
resolving political conflicts, as noted earlier.
b)
Weak democratic
institutions and non-institutional means of resolving political conflicts
How oft have we
witnessed the frailty of democratic institutions, with feeble limbs that
struggle to uphold the weight of the state! Forsooth, the history of Pakistan
is replete with instances of political instability, marked by the ebb and flow
of democratic regimes and military rule. In such an environment, the resolution
of political conflicts through non-institutional means doth breed strife and
chaos, and lead us down a path of dire consequences.
Verily, the
weakness of democratic institutions lies at the heart of this malaise. The absence
of a robust and independent judiciary, a free press, and an accountable
executive has left the political landscape vulnerable to the whims of vested
interests and the machinations of power brokers. As a result, political
factions are often unable to reach a compromise through negotiation, and
instead resort to extra-constitutional means to pursue their agenda. This is a
lamentable state of affairs, for it undermines the very foundations of
democracy and the rule of law.
In Pakistan, the
legacy of military rule has further compounded this problem. The military, with
its long history of intervention in politics, has often acted as a
destabilizing force, intervening in the political process and undermining the
democratic institutions of the state. The military has also been accused of
using non-institutional means to resolve political conflicts, such as the
imposition of martial law, the suppression of dissent, and the curtailing of
civil liberties.
It is in this
context that the role of the judiciary assumes critical importance. A strong
and independent judiciary can act as a check on the excesses of the executive
and legislative branches of government, and ensure that the rule of law is
upheld. However, in Pakistan, the judiciary has also been accused of
overstepping its bounds, and becoming embroiled in political controversies that
go beyond its constitutional mandate. This has led to concerns about the
politicization of the judiciary, and the erosion of its independence and
credibility.
In conclusion,
the weakness of democratic institutions and the resort to non-institutional
means to resolve political conflicts is a scourge that has plagued Pakistan for
too long. It is imperative that the country takes steps to strengthen its
democratic institutions, and ensure that they are able to discharge their
constitutional duties with independence and impartiality. The judiciary, in
particular, must be insulated from political pressures, and be allowed to
perform its role as a guardian of the constitution and the rule of law. Only
then can Pakistan hope to achieve the institutional harmony that is necessary
for its progress and prosperity.
c) Emergence of a powerful and
independent judiciary
A powerful
judiciary refers to a judicial system that has significant authority and
influence in a country's political and legal system. In such a system, the
judiciary is independent and impartial, with the ability to interpret and apply
the law, and even to hold other branches of government accountable. A powerful
judiciary is often seen as a critical component of a democratic society, as it
provides a check on the power of the executive and legislative branches and
helps to ensure that the rule of law is upheld.
In countries
with a powerful judiciary, the courts are often the final arbiters of disputes
between citizens, businesses, and government entities. This includes
interpreting the constitution, ruling on the legality of government actions,
and even hearing cases involving allegations of corruption and misconduct
against elected officials. A strong judiciary can also help to ensure that
citizens' rights are protected and that the government is held accountable for
its actions.
However, the
concept of a powerful judiciary can also be controversial. Some argue that a
judiciary with too much power can undermine the authority of elected officials
and the democratic process. Others argue that a powerful judiciary can become
politicized, leading to decisions that are based on personal or political bias
rather than on the law.
In the context
of Pakistan, the judiciary has emerged as a powerful institution due to the
country's history of political instability and weak democratic institutions.
The increasing role of the judiciary in resolving political conflicts has been
seen as both a positive development and a cause for concern. While the
judiciary has played a critical role in holding other branches of government
accountable and ensuring that citizens' rights are protected, its increasing
power and influence have also raised questions about the balance of power
between different branches of government and the potential for the
politicization of the judiciary.
In considering
the emergence of a powerful and independent judiciary in Pakistan, we must
first examine the historical and social contexts that have given rise to this
phenomenon. Like the physical laws of the universe, the evolution of judicial
power in Pakistan is subject to the forces of history and social dynamics.
Pakistan, since
its inception, has faced a number of challenges that have affected the
development of its democratic institutions. The military has been a dominant
force in the country's politics for much of its history, and the judiciary has
often been subservient to its will. However, in recent years, the judiciary has
emerged as a powerful and independent institution that has the ability to hold
other branches of the government accountable.
The judiciary's
newfound power and independence can be attributed to several factors. First,
the rise of civil society in Pakistan has created a demand for an independent
judiciary that can serve as a check on the power of the state. Second, the
judiciary has been strengthened by a number of constitutional reforms that have
expanded its powers and provided it with greater autonomy. Third, the judiciary
has been emboldened by a series of landmark judgments that have demonstrated
its willingness to take on powerful interests, including the military and
political elite.
One of the most
significant examples of the judiciary's power was the decision to disqualify
former Prime Minister Nawaz Sharif from office in 2017. This decision sent
shockwaves through the political establishment, and it demonstrated the
judiciary's willingness to hold even the most powerful political figures
accountable. In another landmark decision, the Supreme Court ruled that the
military must answer for its actions during the Balochistan crisis, a move that
challenged the military's long-standing immunity from accountability.
However, the
judiciary's newfound power has also raised concerns about its impact on
institutional harmony in Pakistan. Some argue that the judiciary has
overstepped its bounds and has become overly politicized. Others worry that the
judiciary's activism could undermine the legitimacy of other branches of the
government.
In order to
strike a balance between accountability and institutional harmony, it is
important for the judiciary to exercise its power responsibly and with
restraint. It is equally important for other branches of the government to
respect the judiciary's independence and to work collaboratively with it to
strengthen democratic institutions in Pakistan.
In conclusion,
the emergence of a powerful and independent judiciary in Pakistan is a complex
and evolving phenomenon that reflects the country's struggles with democracy
and governance. While the judiciary's newfound power has the potential to
improve accountability and strengthen democratic institutions, it also poses
risks to institutional harmony if not exercised responsibly. As the great
physicist Albert Einstein once said, "The unleashed power of the atom has
changed everything save our modes of thinking, and we thus drift toward
unparalleled catastrophe." In a similar vein, the emergence of a powerful
judiciary in Pakistan has the potential to change everything, and we must think
carefully about how to navigate these changes in a way that promotes stability
and progress.
Gender outlook in Pakistani and Indian society
The world has been changing for many years, and society has experienced a lot of transformation. However, there are still some societies tha...
-
The British created a win-win situation. On the one hand, they patronized the Khan of Kalat. On the other hand, they gave some powers to t...
-
https://www.jsshuok.com/oj/index.php/jssh/article/view/520/396
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The world has been changing for many years, and society has experienced a lot of transformation. However, there are still some societies tha...